Lab: Visible error-based SQL injection

1. Using Burp's built-in browser, explore the lab functionality.
2. Go to the Proxy > HTTP history tab and find a GET / request that contains a TrackingId cookie.

3. In Repeater, append a single quote to the value of your TrackingId cookie and send the request.

   TrackingId=ogAZZfxtOKUELbuJ'
4. In the response, notice the verbose error message. This discloses the full SQL query, including the value of your cookie. It also explains that you have an unclosed string literal. Observe that your injection appears inside a single-quoted string.

5. In the request, add comment characters to comment out the rest of the query, including the extra single-quote character that's causing the error:

   TrackingId=ogAZZfxtOKUELbuJ'--
6. Send the request. Confirm that you no longer receive an error. This suggests that the query is now syntactically valid.

7. Adapt the query to include a generic SELECT subquery and cast the returned value to an int data type:

   TrackingId=ogAZZfxtOKUELbuJ' AND CAST((SELECT 1) AS int)--
8. Send the request. Observe that you now get a different error saying that an AND condition must be a boolean expression.

9. Modify the condition accordingly. For example, you can simply add a comparison operator (=) as follows:

   TrackingId=ogAZZfxtOKUELbuJ' AND 1=CAST((SELECT 1) AS int)--
10. Send the request. Confirm that you no longer receive an error. This suggests that this is a valid query again.

11. Adapt your generic SELECT statement so that it retrieves usernames from the database:

    TrackingId=ogAZZfxtOKUELbuJ' AND 1=CAST((SELECT username FROM users) AS int)--
12. Observe that you receive the initial error message again. Notice that your query now appears to be truncated due to a character limit. As a result, the comment characters you added to fix up the query aren't included.

13. Delete the original value of the TrackingId cookie to free up some additional characters. Resend the request.

    TrackingId=' AND 1=CAST((SELECT username FROM users) AS int)--
14. Notice that you receive a new error message, which appears to be generated by the database. This suggests that the query was run properly, but you're still getting an error because it unexpectedly returned more than one row.

15. Modify the query to return only one row:

    TrackingId=' AND 1=CAST((SELECT username FROM users LIMIT 1) AS int)--

16. Send the request. Observe that the error message now leaks the first username from the users table:

    ERROR: invalid input syntax for type integer: "administrator"

17. Now that you know that the administrator is the first user in the table, modify the query once again to leak their password:

    TrackingId=' AND 1=CAST((SELECT password FROM users LIMIT 1) AS int)--
18. Log in as administrator using the stolen password to solve the lab.

Rana Khalil