All learning materials - detailed

OAuth 2.0 authentication vulnerabilities
	What is OAuth?
	How does OAuth 2.0 work?
		OAuth authentication
	How do OAuth authentication vulnerabilities arise?
	Identifying OAuth authentication
	Recon
	Exploiting OAuth authentication vulnerabilities
		Vulnerabilities in the OAuth client application
	Improper implementation of the implicit grant type
	Flawed CSRF protection
		Leaking authorization codes and access tokens
		Flawed scope validation
		Unverified user registration
	Extending OAuth with OpenID Connect
	Preventing OAuth authentication vulnerabilities
	How to prevent OAuth authentication vulnerabilities
		For OAuth service providers
		For OAuth client applications
	OAuth grant types
		What is an OAuth grant type?
		OAuth scopes
		Authorization code grant type
		Implicit grant type
	OpenID Connect
		What is OpenID Connect?
		How does OpenID Connect work?
			OpenID Connect roles
			OpenID Connect claims and scopes
			ID token
		Identifying OpenID Connect
		OpenID Connect vulnerabilities
			Unprotected dynamic client registration
			Allowing authorization requests by reference
HTTP Host header attacks
	What is the HTTP Host header?
	What is the purpose of the HTTP Host header?
		Virtual hosting
		Routing traffic via an intermediary
		How does the HTTP Host header solve this problem?
	What is an HTTP Host header attack?
	How do HTTP Host header vulnerabilities arise?
	Exploiting HTTP Host header vulnerabilities
	How to prevent HTTP Host header attacks
	How to identify and exploit HTTP Host header vulnerabilities
		How to test for vulnerabilities using the HTTP Host header
			Supply an arbitrary Host header
			Check for flawed validation
			Send ambiguous requests
			Inject host override headers
		How to exploit the HTTP Host header
			Password reset poisoning
			Web cache poisoning via the Host header
			Exploiting classic server-side vulnerabilities
			Accessing restricted functionality
			Accessing internal websites with virtual host brute-forcing
			Routing-based SSRF
		Password reset poisoning
			How does a password reset work?
			How to construct a password reset poisoning attack
Business logic vulnerabilities
	What are business logic vulnerabilities?
	How do business logic vulnerabilities arise?
	What is the impact of business logic vulnerabilities?
	What are some examples of business logic vulnerabilities?
	How to prevent business logic vulnerabilities
	Examples of business logic vulnerabilities
		Excessive trust in client-side controls
		Failing to handle unconventional input
		Making flawed assumptions about user behavior
			Trusted users won't always remain trustworthy
			Users won't always supply mandatory input
			Users won't always follow the intended sequence
		Domain-specific flaws
		Providing an encryption oracle
Web cache poisoning
	What is web cache poisoning?
		Web cache poisoning research
		How does a web cache work?
	What is the impact of a web cache poisoning attack?
	Constructing a web cache poisoning attack
		Identify and evaluate unkeyed inputs
	Param Miner
		Elicit a harmful response from the back-end server
		Get the response cached
	Exploiting web cache poisoning vulnerabilities
	How to prevent web cache poisoning vulnerabilities
	Exploiting cache design flaws
		Using web cache poisoning to deliver an XSS attack
		Using web cache poisoning to exploit unsafe handling of resource imports
		Using web cache poisoning to exploit cookie-handling vulnerabilities
		Using multiple headers to exploit web cache poisoning vulnerabilities
		Exploiting responses that expose too much information
			Cache-control directives
			Vary header
		Using web cache poisoning to exploit DOM-based vulnerabilities
		Chaining web cache poisoning vulnerabilities
	Exploiting cache implementation flaws
		Cache key flaws
		Cache probing methodology
			Identify a suitable cache oracle
			Probe key handling
			Identify an exploitable gadget
		Exploiting cache key flaws
			Unkeyed port
			Unkeyed query string
			Unkeyed query parameters
			Cache parameter cloaking
			Normalized cache keys
			Cache key injection
		Poisoning internal caches
			How to identify internal caches
			Testing internal caches safely
SQL injection
	What is SQL injection (SQLi)?
	What is the impact of a successful SQL injection attack?
	SQL injection examples
	Retrieving hidden data
	Subverting application logic
	Retrieving data from other database tables
	Examining the database
	Blind SQL injection vulnerabilities
	How to detect SQL injection vulnerabilities
	SQL injection in different parts of the query
	Second-order SQL injection
	Database-specific factors
	How to prevent SQL injection
	SQL injection UNION attacks
		Determining the number of columns required in an SQL injection UNION attack
		Finding columns with a useful data type in an SQL injection UNION attack
		Using an SQL injection UNION attack to retrieve interesting data
		Retrieving multiple values within a single column
	Examining the database in SQL injection attacks
		Querying the database type and version
		Listing the contents of the database
			Equivalent to information schema on Oracle
	Blind SQL injection
		What is blind SQL injection?
		Exploiting blind SQL injection by triggering conditional responses
		Inducing conditional responses by triggering SQL errors
		Exploiting blind SQL injection by triggering time delays
		Exploiting blind SQL injection using out-of-band (OAST) techniques
		How to prevent blind SQL injection attacks?
	SQL injection cheat sheet
		String concatenation
		Substring
		Comments
		Database version
		Database contents
		Conditional errors
		Batched (or stacked) queries
		Time delays
		Conditional time delays
		DNS lookup
		DNS lookup with data exfiltration
Cross-site scripting
	What is cross-site scripting (XSS)?
	How does XSS work?
	XSS proof of concept
	What are the types of XSS attacks?
	Reflected cross-site scripting
	Stored cross-site scripting
	DOM-based cross-site scripting
	What can XSS be used for?
	Impact of XSS vulnerabilities
	How to find and test for XSS vulnerabilities
	Content security policy
	Dangling markup injection
	How to prevent XSS attacks
	Common questions about cross-site scripting
	Reflected XSS
		What is reflected cross-site scripting?
		Impact of reflected XSS attacks
		Reflected XSS in different contexts
		How to find and test for reflected XSS vulnerabilities
		Common questions about reflected cross-site scripting
	Cross-site scripting (XSS) cheat sheet
		Event handlers
			Event handlers that do not require user interaction
			Event handlers that do require user interaction
		Restricted characters
		Frameworks
		Protocols
		Other useful attributes
		Special tags
		Encoding
		Obfuscation
		Client-side template injection
			VueJS reflected
			AngularJS sandbox escapes reflected
			DOM based AngularJS sandbox escapes
			AngularJS CSP bypasses
		Scriptless attacks
			Dangling markup
		Polyglots
		WAF bypass global objects
		Content types
		Response content types
		Impossible labs
		Prototype pollution
		Classic vectors (XSS crypt)
	Stored XSS
		What is stored cross-site scripting?
		Impact of stored XSS attacks
		Stored XSS in different contexts
		How to find and test for stored XSS vulnerabilities
	DOM-based XSS
		What is DOM-based cross-site scripting?
		How to test for DOM-based cross-site scripting
			Testing HTML sinks
			Testing JavaScript execution sinks
		Exploiting DOM XSS with different sources and sinks
		DOM XSS combined with reflected and stored data
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-XSS vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-XSS vulnerabilities
	Exploiting cross-site scripting vulnerabilities
		Exploiting cross-site scripting to steal cookies
		Exploiting cross-site scripting to capture passwords
		Exploiting cross-site scripting to perform CSRF
	Cross-site scripting contexts
		XSS between HTML tags
		XSS in HTML tag attributes
		XSS into JavaScript
			Terminating the existing script
			Breaking out of a JavaScript string
			Making use of HTML-encoding
			XSS in JavaScript template literals
		XSS in the context of the AngularJS sandbox
		AngularJS sandbox
			What is the AngularJS sandbox?
			How does the AngularJS sandbox work?
			How does an AngularJS sandbox escape work?
			How does an AngularJS CSP bypass work?
			How to prevent AngularJS injection
	Content security policy
		What is CSP (content security policy)?
		Mitigating XSS attacks using CSP
		Mitigating dangling markup attacks using CSP
		Bypassing CSP with policy injection
		Protecting against clickjacking using CSP
	Dangling markup injection
		What is dangling markup injection?
		How to prevent dangling markup attacks
	How to prevent XSS
		Encode data on output
		Validate input on arrival
			Whitelisting vs blacklisting
		Allowing "safe" HTML
		How to prevent XSS using a template engine
		How to prevent XSS in PHP
		How to prevent XSS client-side in JavaScript
		How to prevent XSS in jQuery
		Mitigating XSS using content security policy (CSP)
Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)
	What is CSRF?
	What is the impact of a CSRF attack?
	How does CSRF work?
	How to construct a CSRF attack
	How to deliver a CSRF exploit
	Preventing CSRF attacks
	Common CSRF vulnerabilities
		Validation of CSRF token depends on request method
		Validation of CSRF token depends on token being present
		CSRF token is not tied to the user session
		CSRF token is tied to a non-session cookie
		CSRF token is simply duplicated in a cookie
	Referer-based defenses against CSRF
		Validation of Referer depends on header being present
		Validation of Referer can be circumvented
	Defending against CSRF with SameSite cookies
	XSS vs CSRF
		What is the difference between XSS and CSRF?
		Can CSRF tokens prevent XSS attacks?
	CSRF tokens
		What are CSRF tokens?
		How should CSRF tokens be generated?
		How should CSRF tokens be transmitted?
		How should CSRF tokens be validated?
XML external entity (XXE) injection
	What is XML external entity injection?
	How do XXE vulnerabilities arise?
	What are the types of XXE attacks?
	Exploiting XXE to retrieve files
	Exploiting XXE to perform SSRF attacks
	Blind XXE vulnerabilities
	Finding hidden attack surface for XXE injection
		XInclude attacks
		XXE attacks via file upload
		XXE attacks via modified content type
	How to find and test for XXE vulnerabilities
	How to prevent XXE vulnerabilities
	XML entities
		What is XML?
		What are XML entities?
		What is document type definition?
		What are XML custom entities?
		What are XML external entities?
	Finding and exploiting blind XXE vulnerabilities
		What is blind XXE?
		Detecting blind XXE using out-of-band (OAST) techniques
		Exploiting blind XXE to exfiltrate data out-of-band
		Exploiting blind XXE to retrieve data via error messages
		Exploiting blind XXE by repurposing a local DTD
			Locating an existing DTD file to repurpose
Clickjacking (UI redressing)
	What is clickjacking?
	How to construct a basic clickjacking attack
	Clickjacking with prefilled form input
	Frame busting scripts
	Combining clickjacking with a DOM XSS attack
	Multistep clickjacking
	How to prevent clickjacking attacks
		X-Frame-Options
		Content Security Policy (CSP)
Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS)
	What is CORS (cross-origin resource sharing)?
	Same-origin policy
	Relaxation of the same-origin policy
	Vulnerabilities arising from CORS configuration issues
		Server-generated ACAO header from client-specified Origin header
		Errors parsing Origin headers
		Whitelisted null origin value
		Exploiting XSS via CORS trust relationships
		Breaking TLS with poorly configured CORS
		Intranets and CORS without credentials
	How to prevent CORS-based attacks
		Proper configuration of cross-domain requests
		Only allow trusted sites
		Avoid whitelisting null
		Avoid wildcards in internal networks
		CORS is not a substitute for server-side security policies
	Same-origin policy (SOP)
		What is the same-origin policy?
		Why is the same-origin policy necessary?
		How is the same-origin policy implemented?
	CORS and the Access-Control-Allow-Origin response header
		What is the Access-Control-Allow-Origin response header?
		Implementing simple cross-origin resource sharing
		Handling cross-origin resource requests with credentials
		Relaxation of CORS specifications with wildcards
		Pre-flight checks
		Does CORS protect against CSRF?
Server-side request forgery (SSRF)
	What is SSRF?
	What is the impact of SSRF attacks?
	Common SSRF attacks
		SSRF attacks against the server itself
		SSRF attacks against other back-end systems
	Circumventing common SSRF defenses
		SSRF with blacklist-based input filters
		SSRF with whitelist-based input filters
		Bypassing SSRF filters via open redirection
	Blind SSRF vulnerabilities
	Finding hidden attack surface for SSRF vulnerabilities
		Partial URLs in requests
		URLs within data formats
		SSRF via the Referer header
	Blind SSRF vulnerabilities
		What is blind SSRF?
		What is the impact of blind SSRF vulnerabilities?
		How to find and exploit blind SSRF vulnerabilities
HTTP request smuggling
	What is HTTP request smuggling?
	What happens in an HTTP request smuggling attack?
	How do HTTP request smuggling vulnerabilities arise?
	How to perform an HTTP request smuggling attack
		CL.TE vulnerabilities
		TE.CL vulnerabilities
		TE.TE behavior: obfuscating the TE header
	How to prevent HTTP request smuggling vulnerabilities
	Finding HTTP request smuggling vulnerabilities
		Finding HTTP request smuggling vulnerabilities using timing techniques
			Finding CL.TE vulnerabilities using timing techniques
			Finding TE.CL vulnerabilities using timing techniques
		Confirming HTTP request smuggling vulnerabilities using differential responses
			Confirming CL.TE vulnerabilities using differential responses
			Confirming TE.CL vulnerabilities using differential responses
	Exploiting HTTP request smuggling vulnerabilities
		Using HTTP request smuggling to bypass front-end security controls
		Revealing front-end request rewriting
		Capturing other users' requests
		Using HTTP request smuggling to exploit reflected XSS
		Using HTTP request smuggling to turn an on-site redirect into an open redirect
		Using HTTP request smuggling to perform web cache poisoning
		Using HTTP request smuggling to perform web cache deception
OS command injection
	What is OS command injection?
	Executing arbitrary commands
	Useful commands
	Blind OS command injection vulnerabilities
		Detecting blind OS command injection using time delays
		Exploiting blind OS command injection by redirecting output
		Exploiting blind OS command injection using out-of-band (OAST) techniques
	Ways of injecting OS commands
	How to prevent OS command injection attacks
Server-side template injection
	What is server-side template injection?
	What is the impact of server-side template injection?
	How do server-side template injection vulnerabilities arise?
	Constructing a server-side template injection attack
		Detect
		Identify
		Exploit
	How to prevent server-side template injection vulnerabilities
	Exploiting server-side template injection vulnerabilities
		Read
			Learn the basic template syntax
			Read about the security implications
			Look for known exploits
		Explore
			Developer-supplied objects
		Create a custom attack
			Constructing a custom exploit using an object chain
			Constructing a custom exploit using developer-supplied objects
Insecure deserialization
	What is serialization?
		Serialization vs deserialization
	What is insecure deserialization?
	How do insecure deserialization vulnerabilities arise?
	What is the impact of insecure deserialization?
	How to exploit insecure deserialization vulnerabilities
	How to prevent insecure deserialization vulnerabilities
	Exploiting insecure deserialization vulnerabilities
		How to identify insecure deserialization
			PHP serialization format
			Java serialization format
		Manipulating serialized objects
			Modifying object attributes
			Modifying data types
		Using application functionality
		Magic methods
		Injecting arbitrary objects
		Gadget chains
			Working with pre-built gadget chains
			Working with documented gadget chains
		Creating your own exploit
		PHAR deserialization
		Exploiting deserialization using memory corruption
Directory traversal
	What is directory traversal?
	Reading arbitrary files via directory traversal
	Common obstacles to exploiting file path traversal vulnerabilities
	How to prevent a directory traversal attack
Access control vulnerabilities and privilege escalation
	What is access control?
		Vertical access controls
		Horizontal access controls
		Context-dependent access controls
	Examples of broken access controls
		Vertical privilege escalation
		Horizontal privilege escalation
		Horizontal to vertical privilege escalation
		Insecure direct object references
		Access control vulnerabilities in multi-step processes
		Referer-based access control
		Location-based access control
	How to prevent access control vulnerabilities
	Access control security models
		What are access control security models?
		Programmatic access control
		Discretionary access control (DAC)
		Mandatory access control (MAC)
		Role-based access control (RBAC)
	Insecure direct object references (IDOR)
		What are insecure direct object references (IDOR)?
		IDOR examples
			IDOR vulnerability with direct reference to database objects
			IDOR vulnerability with direct reference to static files
Authentication vulnerabilities
	What is authentication?
		What is the difference between authentication and authorization?
	How do authentication vulnerabilities arise?
	What is the impact of vulnerable authentication?
	Vulnerabilities in authentication mechanisms
		Vulnerabilities in third-party authentication mechanisms
	Preventing attacks on your own authentication mechanisms
	Vulnerabilities in password-based login
		Brute-force attacks
			Brute-forcing usernames
			Brute-forcing passwords
			Username enumeration
		Flawed brute-force protection
			Account locking
			User rate limiting
		HTTP basic authentication
	Vulnerabilities in multi-factor authentication
		Two-factor authentication tokens
		Bypassing two-factor authentication
		Flawed two-factor verification logic
		Brute-forcing 2FA verification codes
	Vulnerabilities in other authentication mechanisms
		Keeping users logged in
		Resetting user passwords
			Sending passwords by email
			Resetting passwords using a URL
		Changing user passwords
	Authentication lab usernames
	Authentication lab passwords
	How to secure your authentication mechanisms
		Take care with user credentials
		Don't count on users for security
		Prevent username enumeration
		Implement robust brute-force protection
		Triple-check your verification logic
		Don't forget supplementary functionality
		Implement proper multi-factor authentication
Testing for WebSockets security vulnerabilities
	WebSockets
	Manipulating WebSocket traffic
		Intercepting and modifying WebSocket messages
		Replaying and generating new WebSocket messages
		Manipulating WebSocket connections
	WebSockets security vulnerabilities
		Manipulating WebSocket messages to exploit vulnerabilities
		Manipulating the WebSocket handshake to exploit vulnerabilities
		Using cross-site WebSockets to exploit vulnerabilities
	How to secure a WebSocket connection
	What are WebSockets?
		What is the difference between HTTP and WebSockets?
		How are WebSocket connections established?
		What do WebSocket messages look like?
	Cross-site WebSocket hijacking
		What is cross-site WebSocket hijacking?
		What is the impact of cross-site WebSocket hijacking?
		Performing a cross-site WebSocket hijacking attack
DOM-based vulnerabilities
	What is the DOM?
	Taint-flow vulnerabilities
		What is taint flow?
		Common sources
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based taint-flow vulnerabilities
	DOM clobbering
	Controlling the web message source
		What is the impact of DOM-based web message vulnerabilities?
		How to construct an attack using web messages as the source
		Origin verification
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based web message vulnerabilities?
	DOM-based open redirection
		What is DOM-based open redirection?
		What is the impact of DOM-based open redirection?
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based open-redirection vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based open-redirection vulnerabilities
	DOM-based cookie manipulation
		What is DOM-based cookie manipulation?
		What is the impact of a DOM-based cookie-manipulation attack?
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based cookie-manipulation vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based cookie-manipulation vulnerabilities
	DOM-based JavaScript injection
		What is DOM-based JavaScript injection?
		What is the impact of a DOM-based JavaScript-injection attack?
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based JavaScript-injection vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based JavaScript-injection vulnerabilities
	DOM-based document-domain manipulation
		What is DOM-based document-domain manipulation?
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based document-domain manipulation vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based document-domain manipulation vulnerabilities
	DOM-based WebSocket-URL poisoning
		What is DOM-based WebSocket-URL poisoning?
		What is the impact of WebSocket-URL poisoning?
		Which sinks can lead to WebSocket-URL poisoning vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based WebSocket-URL poisoning vulnerabilities
	DOM-based link manipulation
		What is DOM-based link manipulation?
		What is the impact of a DOM-based link-manipulation attack?
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based link-manipulation vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based link-manipulation vulnerabilities
	Web message manipulation
		What is DOM-based web message manipulation?
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based web-message manipulation vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based web message manipulation
	DOM-based Ajax request-header manipulation
		What is DOM-based Ajax request-header manipulation?
		What is the impact of DOM-based Ajax request-header manipulation?
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based Ajax request-header manipulation vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based Ajax request-header manipulation
	DOM-based local file-path manipulation
		What is DOM-based local file-path manipulation?
		What is the impact of DOM-based local file-path manipulation?
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based local file-path manipulation vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based local file-path manipulation vulnerabilities
	DOM-based client-side SQL injection
		What is DOM-based client-side SQL injection?
		What is the impact of DOM-based client-side SQL injection?
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based client-side SQL-injection vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based client-side SQL-injection vulnerabilities
	DOM-based HTML5-storage manipulation
		What is DOM-based HTML5-storage manipulation?
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based HTML5-storage manipulation vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based HTML5-storage manipulation vulnerabilities
	DOM-based client-side XPath injection
		What is DOM-based XPath injection?
		What is the impact of DOM-based XPath injection?
		Which sinks can lead to XPath-injection vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based XPath-injection vulnerabilities
	DOM-based client-side JSON injection
		What is DOM-based JSON injection?
		What is the impact of a DOM-based JSON-injection attack?
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based JSON-injection vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent client-side JSON-injection vulnerabilities?
	DOM-data manipulation
		What is DOM-data manipulation?
		What is the impact of DOM-data manipulation?
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-data manipulation vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-data manipulation vulnerabilities
	DOM-based denial of service
		What is DOM-based denial of service?
		Which sinks can lead to DOM-based denial-of-service vulnerabilities?
		How to prevent DOM-based denial-of-service vulnerabilities
	DOM clobbering
		What is DOM clobbering?
		How to exploit DOM-clobbering vulnerabilities
		How to prevent DOM-clobbering attacks
Information disclosure vulnerabilities
	What is information disclosure?
	How do information disclosure vulnerabilities arise?
	What is the impact of information disclosure vulnerabilities?
		How to assess the severity of information disclosure vulnerabilities
	Exploiting information disclosure
	How to prevent information disclosure vulnerabilities
	How to find and exploit information disclosure vulnerabilities
		How to test for information disclosure vulnerabilities
			Fuzzing
			Using Burp Scanner
			Using Burp's engagement tools
			Engineering informative responses
		Common sources of information disclosure
			Files for web crawlers
			Directory listings
			Developer comments
			Error messages
			Debugging data
			User account pages
			Source code disclosure via backup files
			Information disclosure due to insecure configuration
			Version control history
Reference
	Augmenting your manual testing with Burp Scanner
		Scanning a specific request
		Scanning custom insertion points
		Scanning non-standard data structures
	Obfuscating attacks using encodings
		Context-specific decoding
		Decoding discrepancies
		Obfuscation via URL encoding
		Obfuscation via double URL encoding
		Obfuscation via HTML encoding
			Leading zeros
		Obfuscation via unicode escaping
		Obfuscation via hex escaping
		Obfuscation via octal escaping
		Obfuscation via multiple encodings
		Obfuscation via the SQL CHAR() function
Getting started with the Web Security Academy
	How the Web Security Academy works
	Get started with your first topic
	Find your way around Burp Suite with our video tutorials
	Keep up with the latest from the Web Security Academy
Web Security Academy
	Learning path
	Server-side topics
	Client-side topics
	Advanced topics
	Want the latest from the Web Security Academy?
Welcome back!
	Ready for your next challenge?
	Can we help you get started?
	Want the latest from the Web Security Academy?

Want to track your progress and have a more personalized learning experience? (It's free!)